Sep. 01, 2025
Both internal and external considerations come into play when making a decision regarding the purchase of a BBU. A Baseband Unit is a vital part of BBU which, along with its components performs mobile signal processing in a unique manner via wireless systems. Deferring the comment on industry peripherals integration and purchase as Baseband Processing Units claim is on BBUs Core Component of BBUs. Thus, the above described computes peripherals are processed while giving some regard to items of concern in modern warfare which is dealing with the new tides of modernization.
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The above mentioned BBUs represent a milestone in the evolution of modern telemetry systems. In more advanced BBUs, the peripheral network interfaces do not only integrate with other components but also perform signal processing justify the claim wiith encoders and decoders of digital streams of oscillating data. Mobility and supported device specification and functionality along with the advancing capabilities of mobile technologies offer merchants heightened merchant vigilance.
Prior to pursuing the purchasing of a Baseband Unit (BBU), an evaluation on the Projection of Performance Parameters on the BBU’s functionalities (which acts as a decision making criterion) is to be carried out first. Other aspects worth considering includes throughput, latency, and, processing speed as well. Also with regards to the aforementioned specifications changes, there is the possibility of Multi Unit Operation Capable at the Inflection Point LTE 5G network standard periphery. Superior grade BBUs will need to be added to the network to cater for the more stringent low and mid tier communication systems.
The overall scale of the network is directly influenced by the amount of processing power required. The modules will have to cope with the change in the BBU’s Modular design changes. With the intent to optimize expenditure, the best approach would be to purchase modular systems with additional processing components or units.
How high is the telecommunication infrastructure’s operational expenditure? Monitor the bbUs for purchase in regard to the energy efficiency rating. As with any uncontrolled cost, a reduction in operating cost leads to an eco friendly business. Electric appliances tend to have improved operational expenditures as well as reduced carbon footprint, more so for devices that make use of lesser power. Search for advanced power management systems that allow for minimal equipment power consumption, while in idle phases.
Technical support alongside reliability are guaranteed for BBUs procured from recognized manufacturers. Check the background of the manufacturer, customer testimonials, and warranties that come with the BBUs. Care beyond normal coupled with sound maintenance policy is a trademark of strong technical support, which is ideal for responsive BBUs. This streamlining is very crucial in the telecom industry as any idle time translates to revenue loss.
The budget friendly option is not always the right one. All expenditures associated with the system regardless of buying price, installation, maintenance, energy, and the system value, need to be thoroughly analyzed. To reduce operational expenses, they should be procured with an intention of minimizing future costly undertakings. This avoids the performance versus price paradox.
The world of 5G technology and IoT devices is bustling, getting the attention of the Telecommunications sector, mandating BBUs adapt. Further advancements in technology will heighten the need for intelligent technology as well as AI to be incorporated into the controlling and managing of networks through BBU systems. Monitoring these insights helps the user to streamline their decision-making enhancing their network agility and also their competitiveness preparedness for the future.
Catalog
Ⅰ Overview
Ⅱ Baseband processor components
Ⅲ Baseband processor SOC architecture
Ⅳ Baseband processor ARM architecture
Ⅴ Baseband processors used in today's cell phones
Ⅵ Conclusion
The baseband processor synthesizes the baseband signal that is about to be transmitted and decodes the received baseband signal. When transmitting a baseband signal, it compiles the audio signal into a baseband code; when receiving a signal, it decodes the baseband code into an audio signal. At the same time, the baseband processor is also responsible for compiling address information, text information, picture information, etc.
A baseband processor is a kind of SOC with complex integration. Mainstream baseband processors support multiple network standards, i.e., all mobile and wireless network standards are supported on one baseband processor, including 2G, 3G, 4G, and WiFi, etc. Multi-mode mobile terminals can realize seamless roaming between multiple mobiles and wireless networks around the world. The basic structure of most current baseband processors is a microprocessor and a digital signal processor. The microprocessor is the control center of the entire chip, mostly using ARM cores, while the DSP subsystem is responsible for baseband processing.
baseband processor
The baseband processor present in a smartphone can be understood as a complex SoC chip with a variety of functions, and the normal operation of each function is configured and coordinated through the microprocessor. This complex chip is centered on the ARM microprocessor, which controls and configures each peripheral function module around the ARM microprocessor through the ARM microprocessor's dedicated bus (AHB bus), which mainly includes GSM, WiFi, GPS, Bluetooth, DSP, and memory, etc... Each function module has its own memory and address space. Their functions are independent of each other. The baseband processor itself has a power management chip.
Figure: baseband processor structure diagram
The baseband processor can be divided into five sub-blocks: CPU processor, channel coder, digital signal processor, modem, and interface module.
CPU processor: control and management of the whole mobile station, including timing control, digital system control, RF control, power saving control, and human-machine interface control. If frequency hopping is used, it should also include the control of frequency hopping. At the same time, the CPU processor performs all software functions of the GSM terminal, i.e. layer1 (physical layer), layer2 (data link layer), layer3 (network layer), MMI (human-machine interface), and application layer software of the GSM communication protocol.
Channel coder: mainly completes the channel coding and encryption of service and control information, including convolutional coding, FIRE code, parity check code, interleaving, burst pulse formatting.
Digital signal processor: mainly completes the channel equalization using Viterbi algorithm and the voice coding/decoding based on the regular pulse excitation-long-term prediction technique (RPE-LPC).
Modem: mainly completes the Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying (GMSK) modulation/demodulation required by the GSM system.
Interface module: including three sub-blocks: analog interface, digital interface, and human-machine interface.
What network standard the mobile terminal supports is determined by the baseband processor mode, while what frequency band it supports is determined by the antenna and RF module. The baseband processor completes the access function of the mobile terminal. The current baseband processor is a highly complex system-on-chip (SoC), which not only supports several communication standards (including GSM, CDMA 1x, CDMA, WCDMA, HSPA, LTE, etc.), but also provides multimedia functions and interfaces related to multimedia displays, image sensors, and audio devices. To further simplify the design, the power management circuits required for these compiled circuits are increasingly integrated into them.
Baseband digital processing functions and the basic peripheral functions of cell phones are concentrated in a single system on chip (SOC), whose basic architecture uses a microprocessor + digital signal processor (DSP) structure, and the processing power of the microprocessor and DSP has been enhanced.
1. The microprocessor is the control center of the whole chip and will run a real-time embedded operating system (such as Nucleus PLUS).
2. The DSP subsystem is the focus of the baseband processing, which contains many hardware gas pedals and baseband-specific processing modules that perform all physical layer functions.
With the development of real-time digital signal processing technology, ARM microprocessor (different micro-series will be used, 3G chips mostly use ARM9), DSP, and FPGA architecture become the main way of mobile terminal baseband processors.
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In the field of chip architecture, X86 and ARM can be said to have been competing for decades and have occupied an unshakable position in their respective fields. Among them, X86 dominates the PC chip market, while ARM dominates the mobile terminal chip market. Because of the low cost, low power consumption, and high efficiency, the ARM architecture has catered to the development trend of many mobile terminal devices including smartphones.
The following figure shows the logic architecture of a typical ARM-based baseband processor, where 3G/4G Baseband Logic refers to the DSP computing subsystem.
Figure: baseband processor framework on a typical ARM architecture
1 The microprocessor completes multitasking scheduling, inter-task communication, peripheral drivers, and communication between the microprocessor and the DSP subsystem and other modules, etc. through the real-time operating system RTOS (e.g. Nucleus PLUS).
Functions also include:
(1) control and management of the entire mobile station, including timing control, digital system control, RF control, power saving control, etc.;
(2) complete all software functions, i.e., communication between the physical layer and protocol stack of wireless communication protocols, high-level protocol stack (TCP/IP, etc.), and if used in a functional machine, it will also include MMI (human-computer interaction interface) and application software.
2 The DSP subsystem is used for processing all algorithms of the physical layer, including channel coding, encryption, channel equalization, voice coding/decoding, modulation, and demodulation, etc. The means of data communication between the DSP subsystem and the microprocessor subsystem include dual-port random read memory (RAM), multi-bus shared resources (some vendors use AMBA's multi-layer bus protocol), etc. The multimode multi-frequency baseband processor may contain multiple DSPs.
3 In terms of memory organization, both the microprocessor and DSP subsystem may have their own independent cache with shared on-chip SRAM and shared external expansion memory. The extended memory commonly supports synchronous dynamic random memory (SDRAM) and NAND-type Flash RAM, etc.
FLASH ROM can be used to store Boot Rom and CP Rom for linking OS and user applications. ROM interface is mainly used to connect FLASH ROM for storing programs, and RAM interface is mainly used to connect static RAM (SRAM) for storing temporary data. On-chip embedded large-capacity static random read memory (SRAM) has become very common, which is conducive to reducing power consumption and reducing system costs.
4 In terms of peripherals and interfaces, the baseband processor often supports a variety of interfaces to facilitate communication with the application processor and the addition of other modules such as Wifi, GPS. Interfaces include UART, multimedia interface (MMI), universal serial bus (USB), SPI, etc..
MCU communication with external interfaces can be done through DMA, and if the baseband processor does not integrate RF, there is also a dedicated RF interface.
The baseband processors used in today's popular cell phones are as follows.
Chip maker: Qualcomm
Baseband processors: Snapdragon 888, Snapdragon 865, Snapdragon 855, Snapdragon 660, Snapdragon 653, Snapdragon 626, Snapdragon 435, Snapdragon 430, Snapdragon 427, ETC
Cell products: Xiaomi 10, Samsung S20, One Plus 9, Nubia Z12, LeEco, Redmi Note, Huawei G series, etc.
Chip manufacturer: Huawei Hisilicon
Baseband processors: Kirin , Kirin 990, Kirin 985, Kirin 970, Kirin 965, Kirin 660
Cell products: Mate 40, P50 Pro, P40, mate 30, Nova 9, etc.
Chip maker: Samsung
Baseband processors: Exynos , Exynos Modem
Cell products: Samsung S8, Samsung Note 8, Meizu PRO 7 series
Chip maker: MediaTek
Baseband processors: Helio M70, Helio X30/X35, Helio X23/X27, Helio P30/P35, Helio P20/P25
Cell products: Meizu MX7, Meilan X2, Redmi Note4, Samsung C9 Pro, Vivo X9
Chip maker: Spreadtrum
Baseband processor: Spreadtrum SC, Spreadtrum SCB, Spreadtrum SCS
Cell products: Samsung Galaxy Star 2 (G130E), Samsung Galaxy Star 2 Plus (G350E), etc.
We generally think that the performance of the cell CPU is reflected in its processing speed and power consumption. In fact, in the era of smartphones, there is a layer of the most basic and critical needs - cell signal quality. This communication function determined by the baseband processor will directly affect the quality of cell calls and Internet speed.
With the advent of the 5G network and 5G cell phones, the rapid capture of the 5G baseband processor market share will help the chip giants to improve financial revenue in order to gain a head start in the 6G network and form a virtuous circle.
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